LESSON 1 (12th) Indian Civilization and Culture ( भारतीय सभ्यता और संस्कृति )

Prose
Inter 2nd Year
Lession- 1



INDIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
 (भारतीय सभ्यता और संस्कृति )

Mahatma Gandhi

#biharexam

Mohan Das Karamchandra Gandhi (1869-1948), Popularly known जानना as Bapu or the Father of the nation, was more a spiritual आध्यात्मिक  leader than a politician. He successfully used truth सच्चाई and Non-Violence अहिंसा as the chief weapons हथियार   against विरुद्ध the British rule शासन  in India and helped India gain पाना  independence. From 1915 till 1948, He completely dominated Indian politics. He died at the hands of a fanatic on 30 January, 1948. His autobiography, My Experiments with Truth, and numerous अनेक  article that he wrote for Young India and the speeches that he delivered दिया गया on different विभिन्न  occasions, अवसर  reveal प्रकट  करना him not only as an original thinker but also as a great master of chaste, पवित्र  idiomatic महावरे English. In the following extract उद्धरण  निचोड़  Indian Civilization सभ्यता and culture संस्कृति , Gandhiji talks about the sound अवाज  foundation आधार  of Indian civilization which talks about the sound foundation आधार  of Indian civilization which had successfully withstood खरा उतरना the passage अंश  of time. The western civilization which has the tendency प्रवृति  to privilege विशेषाधिकार   materiality भौतिकत्व ,पदार्थ cannot match the Indian civilization that elevates ऊपर उठना the moral being मानवीय मूल्य .

Indian Civilization and culture 

1. I believe विश्वास  that the civilization India has evolved विकसित  is not to be beaten in the world. Nothing can equal बराबर the seeds बीज  sown बोया  by our ancestors पूर्वज . Rome went, Greece shared the same fateअन्त , the might of the Pharaohs was broken, Japan had become westernized;of China nothing can be said, But India is still, somehow or other, sound at the foundation.The people of Europe learn सीखा  their lessons from the writings of the men of Greece or Rome which exist मौजुद  no longer in their former glory प्रतिष्ठा . In trying to learn from them, the Europeans imagine that they will avoid the mistakes of Greece and Rome. Such is their pitiable condition.
2. In  the midst बीच   of all this, India remains बना हुवा immovable बिना बदलाव के and that is her उसकी glory सुंदरता  . It is a charge आरोप  against विरूद्ध India that her people are so uncivilized असभ्य , ignorant अनपढ़  and stolid जिद्दी , that it is not possible संभव  to induce  them to adopt ग्रहण  any changes. It is a charge really against our merit. What we to induce them to adopt any changes. It is change really against our merit. What we have tested जांचा  and found पाया  true सही  on the anvil कसौटी  of experience, we dare साहस  not change. Many thrust their advice upon India, and she remains steady. this is her beauty;it is the sheet anchor  of our hope.
3. Civilization is that mode of conduct which points out to man the path of duty. Performance of duty and observance of morality are convertible terms. To observe morality is to attain mastery over our minds and our passions. So doing, we know ourselves. The Gujarati equivalent for civilization means"Good Conduct".
4. If this definition be correct, then India, as so many writers have shown, has nothing to learn from anybody else, and this is as it should be.
5. We notice that the mind is a restless bird, the more it gets the more it wants, and still remains unsatisfied. The more we indulge in our passions, the more unbridled they become. Our ancestors, therefore, set a limit to our indulgences, They saw that happiness was largely a mental condition.
6. A man is not necessarily happy because he is rich, or unhappy because he is poor.The rich are often seen to be unhappy, the poor be happy. Millions लाखो  will always remain poor. Observing अवलोकन  all this, our ancestors dissuaded वीरत  us from luxuries शानो  and pleasures. We have managed with the same kind of cottages that we had in former times and our indigenous स्वदेशी  education remains बाकी  the same as before. We have had no system of life-corroding competition. Each followed his own occupation व्य्वसाय  or made and charged a regular wage. It was not that we did not know how to invent अविष्कार  machinery, but our forefathers पूर्वज  knew जाना  that, if we set our hearts after such things, we would become slaves गुलाम  and lose our moral fiber. They therefore, after due deliberation विवेचना  decided निर्णय that we should only do what we could with our hands and feet, They saw that our real happiness ख़ुशी  and health consisted in a proper use of our hands and feet.
7. They  further आगे की reasoned तर्क  that large cities were a snare जाल  and a useless encumbrance उलझाना  and that people would not be happy in them, That there would be gangs of thieves चोरों  and robbers, prostitution वेश्यावृत्ति and vice बुराई  flourishing फल-फूल रहा  in them and that poor men would be robbed by rich men. They were, therefore, satisfied with small villages.
8. They saw that kings and their swords तलवारें  were inferior नीचा to the sword to the sword of ethics आचार विचार, and they, therefore, held the sovereigns सम्राट  of the earth to be inferior नीचा  to the Rishis and the Fakirs. A nation, with a constitution like this, is fitter मिस्त्री  to teach others than to learn from others. This nation had courts, lawyers and doctors, but they were all within bounds. Everybody knew that these professions were not particularly superior. Moreover, these Vakils and vaids did not rob people; they were considered people's dependents, not their masters. Justice was tolerably ठीक fair. The ordinary rule was to avoid courts. There were no touts to lure people into them. This evil too was noticeable only in and around capitals. The common people lived independently and followed their agricultural occupation. They enjoyed true Home Rule
   स्वराज्य . 
9. The Indian civilization, as described by me, has been so described by its votaries. In no part of the world, and under no civilization, have all men attained perfection. The tendency of Indian civilization is to elevate the moral being, that of the western civilization is to propagate immorality. The latter is godless; the former is based on a belief in God. So understanding and so believing, it behoves every lover of India to cling to the old Indian civilization even as a child clings to the mother's breast.
10. I am no hater of West. I am thankful to the west for many a thing I have learnt from Western literature. But I am thankful to modern civilization for teaching me that if I want India to rise to its fullest height, I must tell my countrymen frankly that,after years and years of experience of modern civilization, I have learnt one lesson from it and that is that we must shun it at all costs.
11. What is that modern civilization? It is the worship of the material it is the worship of the brute in us - it is unadulterated materialism, and modern civilization is noting if it does not think at every step of the triumph of material civilization. 
12. It is perhaps unnevessary, if not useless, to weight the merits of the two civilizations. It is  likely that the West has evolved a civilization suited to its climate and surroundings, and similarly,we have a civilization suited to our conditions,and both are good in their own respective spheres.
13.  The distinguishing characteristic of modern civilization is an indefinite multiplicity of human wants. The characteristic of ancient civilization is an imperative restriction upon, ans a strict regulating of , these wants. The modern or western in satiableness arises really from want of living faith in a future state and therefore also in Divinity. The restraint of ancient or Eastern civilization arises from a belief,often in spite of ourselves, in a future state and the existence of a Divine Power.
14. Some of the immediate and brilliant result of modern invention are too maddening to resist.But I have no manner of doubt that the victory of man lies in that resistance.We are in danger of bartering away the permanent good for a momentary pleasure. आधुनिक आविष्कार के कुछ तात्कालिक और शानदार परिणाम प्रतिरोध करने के लिए बहुत ही भयावह हैं। लेकिन मुझे इस बात का कोई संदेह नहीं है कि आदमी की जीत उस प्रतिरोध में निहित है। हम एक क्षणिक खुशी के लिए स्थायी अच्छे को दूर करने के खतरे में हैं।
15. Just as in the West they have made wonderful discoveries in things material,similarly Hinduism has made still more marvellous discoveries in things of religion,of spirit,of the soul. जिस तरह पश्चिम में उन्होंने चीजों की सामग्री में अद्भुत खोजें की हैं, उसी तरह हिंदू धर्म ने धर्म की चीजों में, आत्मा की, आत्मा की और भी अधिक अद्भुत खोजें की हैं।
16. But we have no eye for these great and find discoveries. We are dazzled by the material progress that Western science has made. I am not enamoured of that progress. In fact, it almost seems as though God in His wisdom has prevented India from progressing along those those lines, so that it might fullfil its special mission of resisting the onrush of materialism.
    लेकिन हमारे पास इन महान और खोज खोजों के लिए कोई आंख नहीं है। पाश्चात्य विज्ञान ने जो भौतिक प्रगति की है, उससे हम चकित हैं। मैं उस प्रगति से आसक्त नहीं हूं। वास्तव में, यह लगभग ऐसा लगता है जैसे भगवान ने उनकी बुद्धि में भारत को उन पंक्तियों के साथ आगे बढ़ने से रोक दिया है, ताकि वह भौतिकवाद के प्रकोप का सामना करने के अपने विशेष मिशन को पूरा कर सके।
17. After all, there is something in Hinduism that has kept रखना  it alive up till now. It has witnessed गवाह  the fall of Babylonian, Syrian, Persian and Egyptian civilizations. Cast a look around you. Where is Rome and where is Greece? Can you find today anywhere the Italy of Gibbon, or rather the ancient प्राचीन  Rome, for Rome was Italy?
    आखिरकार, हिंदू धर्म में कुछ ऐसा है जिसने इसे अब तक जीवित रखा है। इसमें बेबीलोन, सीरियाई, फारसी और मिस्र की सभ्यताओं का पतन देखा गया है। अपने चारों ओर एक नज़र डालें। रोम कहाँ है और ग्रीस कहाँ है? क्या आप आज इटली के गिब्बन या रोम के इटली के प्राचीन प्राचीन रोम को देख सकते हैं?
18. Go to Greece. Where is the world-famous Attic civilization? Then coming to India, let one go through the most ancient प्राचीन records and then look around you and you would be constrained to say,"Yes, I see here ancient India still living".
    ग्रीस जाओ। विश्व प्रसिद्ध अटारी सभ्यता कहाँ है? फिर भारत आकर, सबसे प्राचीन प्राचीन अभिलेखों के बारे में जाने दें और फिर अपने चारों ओर देखें और आप यह कहने के लिए विवश होंगे, "हाँ, मैं देख रहा हूँ कि प्राचीन भारत अभी भी जीवित है"।
19.  True, there were dung heaps, too, here and there, but there are rich treasures buried under them. And the reason why it has survived is that the end which Hinduism set before it was not development along material but spiritual lines.
20. Our civilization, our culture,our Swaraj depend not upon multiplying our wants self -indulgence, but upon restricting wants- self denial.
    सच है, यहां और वहां गोबर के ढेर भी थे, लेकिन उनके नीचे दबे हुए समृद्ध खजाने हैं। और इसका कारण यह है कि यह बच गया है कि इससे पहले हिंदू धर्म ने जो अंत निर्धारित किया था वह भौतिक और आध्यात्मिक रेखाओं के साथ नहीं था।
21. European civilization is, no doubt, suited for the Europeans but it will mean ruin for India if we endeavour to copy it. This is not to say that we may not adopt assimilate whatever may be good and capable of assimilation by us, as it does  not also mean that even the European will not have to part with whatever evil might have crept into it.
22.  यूरोपीय सभ्यता, कोई संदेह नहीं है, यूरोपीय लोगों के लिए अनुकूल है लेकिन इसका मतलब यह होगा कि अगर हम इसे कॉपी करने का प्रयास करते हैं तो यह भारत के लिए बर्बाद हो जाएगा। यह कहने के लिए नहीं है कि हम जो कुछ भी अच्छा और हमारे द्वारा आत्मसात करने में सक्षम हो सकते हैं, उसे आत्मसात नहीं कर सकते हैं, क्योंकि इसका मतलब यह भी नहीं है कि यहां तक कि जो कुछ भी बुराई हो सकती है उसमें यूरोपीय को भी भाग नहीं लेना पड़ेगा।
23. The incessant search for material comforts and their multiplication is such an evil and I make bold to say that the Europeans themselves will have to remodel their outlook, if they are not to perish under the weight of the comforts to which they are becoming slaves. If may be that my reading is wrong, but I know that for India to run after the Golden fleece is to court certain death. Let us engrave on our hearts the motto of a Western philosopher: ''Plain living and high thinking'' .Today it is certain that the millions cannot have high living and we the few, who profess to do the thinking for the masses, run the risk, in a vain search after high living, of missing high thinking.  भौतिक सुख-सुविधाओं की निरंतर खोज और उनका गुणन एक ऐसी बुराई है और मैं यह कहने के लिए साहस करता हूं कि यूरोपीय लोगों को अपने दृष्टिकोण को फिर से तैयार करना होगा, यदि वे उस सुख-सुविधाओं के वजन के नीचे नहीं हैं, जिसके वे दास बन रहे हैं। अगर ऐसा हो सकता है कि मेरा पढ़ना गलत है, लेकिन मुझे पता है कि स्वर्णिम भागने के बाद भारत के लिए दौड़ना निश्चित मृत्यु को अदालत में ले जाना है। आइए हम अपने दिलों पर एक पश्चिमी दार्शनिक के आदर्श को उकेरते हैं: '' सादा जीवन और उच्च विचार '' '' लेकिन यह निश्चित है कि लाखों लोगों के पास उच्च जीवन नहीं हो सकता है और हम कुछ ही हैं, जो जनता के लिए सोच रखने का काम करते हैं, चलाते हैं जोखिम, उच्च जीवन के बाद एक व्यर्थ खोज में, लापता उच्च सोच का।
    
24. Civilization, in the real sense of the term, consists not in the multiplication, but in the deliberate and voluntary restriction of wants. This alone increases and promotes contentment, real happiness and capacity for service.    सभ्यता, शब्द के वास्तविक अर्थों में, गुणा में नहीं, बल्कि जानबूझकर और स्वैच्छिक प्रतिबंध की चाह में शामिल है। यह अकेले संतोष, वास्तविक खुशी और सेवा के लिए क्षमता को बढ़ाता है।  
25. A certain degree of physical harmony and comfort is necessary but above a certain level it becomes a hindrance instead of help.Therefore, the ideal of creating an unlimited number of wants and satisfying them seems to be a delusion and as share The satisfaction of one's physical needs, even the intellectual needs of one's narrow self, must meet at a certain point a dead stop, before it degenerates into physical and intellectual voluptuousness. A man must arrange his physical and cultural circumstances so that they do not hinder him in his service of humanity on which all his energies should be concentrated.
    शारीरिक सामंजस्य और आराम की एक निश्चित डिग्री आवश्यक है लेकिन एक निश्चित स्तर से ऊपर यह मदद के बजाय एक बाधा बन जाती है। इसके अलावा, असीमित संख्या में चाहने और उन्हें संतुष्ट करने का आदर्श भ्रम प्रतीत होता है और शेयर के रूप में किसी की शारीरिक संतुष्टि जरूरत है, यहां तक कि एक व्यक्ति की संकीर्ण स्वयं की बौद्धिक जरूरतों को, एक निश्चित बिंदु पर एक मृत पड़ाव को पूरा करना चाहिए, इससे पहले कि वह शारीरिक और बौद्धिक अस्थिरता में बदल जाए। एक आदमी को अपनी शारीरिक और सांस्कृतिक परिस्थितियों को व्यवस्थित करना चाहिए ताकि वे उसे मानवता की सेवा में बाधा न दें जिस पर उसकी सभी ऊर्जाएं केंद्रित होनी चाहिए।